The IEA believes that there will need to be at least a $150 trillion spend over the next 30 years ($5 trillion a year) to achieve net zero – a figure that is materially higher than the current $500 billion a year spend and equates to the entire US tax base every year. This will need to be funded from a variety of sources including government debt, corporate bond and loan issuance and carbon taxes. BNEF calculates that in the first three quarters of this year alone, there was a record $1.2 trillion of sustainable bonds and loans issued (up from $500 billion at the same time last year) and now more than $3 trillion since the asset classes were founded. High profile sovereign green bond deals from the EU and the UK have also attracted record investor demand. The EU’s recently issued €12 billion 15-year maturity green bond is the largest green bond issued to date and will help to finance member states’ environmentally beneficial projects. This bond is the first in the EU’s €250 billion program of green bond sales earmarked for the coming years.
Some people may question what impact elevated net zero funding could have on inflation, especially in current times, but to us, the impact looks reasonable at between 1-3 per cent particularly if spending is targeted and contributes to accelerated GDP growth. The IEA, for instance, estimates that in their net zero scenario, annual GDP growth could be between 0.3-0.5 per cent on a sustained basis over the next 10 years as a result of a shift to the green economy.
While for now, it appears the EU is steering the way forward on the green transition with record financial commitments and regulatory change, it will only be a matter of time before such policies are more heavily replicated in the US and in emerging markets. As more government loans and grants fall into some key sectors, notably energy, transportation, utilities and real estate, we would expect the cost of green capital to continue to fall. Such support provides assurance of the government’s long-term commitment to emerging green technologies, which reduces the risks associated with investing in these and in turn, lowers hurdle rates, thus driving down the cost of capital. As such, we believe that the “greenness” of government’s budgets, in particular the EU one for now, will unlock further opportunities in green financing, including the issuance of more green bonds, loans, asset-backed securities and sustainability-linked debt. This means that the probability of simultaneously financing positive environmental change, whilst also creating economic value, is increasingly likely with the “greening” of government budgets.
From an investor perspective, more supply of sustainability-themed debt issuance will deliver more depth and liquidity to the market and allow investors a greater ability to assess deals and structures. Issuers will likely face great pressure to disclose more detailed sustainability information, set validated third-party decarbonisation targets and also articulate credible pathways for their transition.
While sentiment towards achieving net zero by 2050 is clearly high across the globe, there are still many challenges to overcome. These include putting in place more policy measures to achieve the level of behavioural change that will be needed, addressing how to deal with the lack of global compliance and consensus on a carbon price and how to enforce it, and how to monitor emissions reductions and track progress more accurately and more quickly than we do currently. It is important to remember that some social challenges will also crop up as a result of the transition and these need to be carefully handled. For example, how are jobs lost in the fossil fuel industry replaced by jobs in the new “green” economy and how do we avoid significant volatility in energy prices, as we are currently experiencing, to avoid a social backlash against the transition? That said, we are optimistic about global progress on climate change and believe that we as investors can and should play a meaningful role in helping governments and companies meet their climate transition goals.
Nachu Chockalingam, senior credit portfolio manager, Federated Hermes
