While our macro-oriented, value-driven investment approach remains focused on the long term, we are also committed to providing our clients with clear communications in times of significant uncertainty.
At this stage, details around the escalating conflict in Ukraine are still evolving. It is impossible to predict an outcome as the situation remains fluid and uncertain. The next few days and weeks will be critical in offering more clarity around Russia’s ultimate end objective, the degree of resistance from Ukraine, the success or failure of peace talks, and the magnitude of responses from NATO allies, including more stringent economic sanctions – these will be critical components influencing whether the conflict deflates or becomes further entrenched.
It is not our intention at this point to make investment decisions based solely on the news. However, we are watching and assessing the evolving situation carefully across multiple fronts, both from the perspective of managing risk and gauging valuation opportunities.
Volatility in equities and risk assets
Financial markets are reacting as expected to the heightened uncertainty. In the first days of the invasion, global equities plunged while safe-haven assets rallied. However, extreme dislocations tend to be self-correcting as enterprising investors look to exploit anomalies. Markets eventually recouped some of their initial losses while safe-haven assets, including US Treasuries, lost steam. We expect volatility to stay elevated as markets continue to be headline-driven, and risk-off havens like gold may generally remain strong. Further risks to the stability of financial markets may depend on the type and degree of sanctions imposed. Unfortunately, while these sanctions are aimed directly at Russia’s economy and elite, knock-on effects to other economies and markets cannot be isolated or avoided. However, sanctions and trading bans are already causing turmoil. Russia’s central bank temporarily closed the country’s stock market and more than doubled interest rates to 20 per cent from 9.5 per cent, elevating fears of default. Russian bonds, nearly impossible to trade at the moment, have plunged in value.
Outlook for currency markets
In the weeks preceding the invasion, the US dollar had been remarkably unmoved. Unsurprisingly, the sudden escalation in geopolitical risk has sent the greenback higher against virtually all currencies, particularly emerging markets. The rouble has seen its value plummet to record lows as Russia faces severe sanctions and domestic citizens rush to withdraw deposits. We expect currency volatility to remain high in the near term.
Many of the support to the US dollar have been in flux. Expectations for Federal Reserve (Fed) interest rate hikes had been buoying the dollar against other major currencies; however, the pace of monetary tightening may be called into question absent any speedy resolutions to the current situation in Ukraine. Strong equity performance has been replaced by heightened volatility. Relative US growth outperformance, another support of the dollar, had been shifting, particularly in favour of Europe and emerging markets. However, that transition may be in limbo, at least in the near term. In short, while we have anticipated a broader, cyclical turn against the dollar could be underway, this shift in favor of other currencies – including emerging markets – could be pushed further out.
Oil and commodities prices to rise
Russia supplies around 10 per cent of the global oil supply and a third of European natural gas. With European supply potentially impaired, even with North American and other suppliers ramping up production, European and global gas prices are likely to rise. Already, the invasion sent immediate shock waves through energy markets. Brent crude oil surpassed $105 per barrel, marking the first time prices crossed the $100 level since 2014. Longer term, this crisis could elevate discussions around energy independence. In the near term, the situation is likely inflationary.
Supply-chain disruptions to increase
Transportation disruptions and rising oil and commodity prices introduce new challenges at a time when still-fragile global supply chains are struggling to recover. And, specific goods sourced from Russia and Ukraine, including neon gas, an essential component in semiconductor manufacturing, metals, and wheat, highlight critical dependencies that could further exacerbate global supply chain disruptions and stoke inflation. However, Europe and Russia have a limited trade relationship outside of energy. The bulk of EU imports from Russia are energy and modest bank exposure, while EU exports to Russia constitute only about 0.5 per cent of the euro bloc’s total gross domestic product (GDP).
Near-term stagflation risk
Markets are clearly signaling that current conditions will be inflationary. Supply chain issues may be further aggravated, and demand may not immediately drop off. However, the expected increases in energy and commodity prices and tighter financial conditions may impair growth, potentially creating a stagflationary environment in the short term. These pressures may be felt more acutely in Europe as the region’s tenuous recovery from COVID-19 faces another major setback – even as prices are rising. However, emerging markets already battling inflation also remain susceptible.
Policy outlook
Many developed market central banks were poised to begin normalising monetary policy, with markets anticipating multiple rate hikes from the European Central Bank, the Fed and others. Now, even with rising inflationary pressures, central banks may tolerate more inflation and moderate tightening to protect growth. However, the ability for the Fed and other major central banks to engineer a soft landing has become exponentially more complicated. On the fiscal side, we could see European and other NATO countries increase military spending, which could impact their debt levels over the long-term. Already, Germany has pledged to send military aid to Ukraine and boost its own defense spending to near 2 per cent of GDP. In a historical context, these are extraordinary moves by Germany, unprecedented in the post-WWII time period.
Impact of sanctions on Russia
Since its annexation of parts of Georgia and the Crimean Peninsula, Russia has sought to increasingly insulate its domestic economy from foreign influence, reducing debt per GDP to one of the lowest levels while building up foreign reserves to among one of the strongest positions globally. More severe economic sanctions imposed by Europe, the US, the UK and Canada may eventually yield their intended consequences, however, Russia’s economy may be able to withstand a longer campaign than anticipated.
In the last few days, the US and Europe have significantly increased the magnitude of economic sanctions against Russia. Among the most significant are restrictions on the Russian Central Bank and the SWIFT global payments messaging platform. The US Treasury Department will freeze assets of the Russian Central Bank and disallow transactions in dollars. Meanwhile, Europe is cutting off Russia’s access to its foreign reserves. Furthermore, all US and EU citizens are banned from trading with Russia’s central bank. Support also has coalesced for removing certain Russian banks from the SWIFT global payments messaging system. However, this move comes with several risks. Sanctions on oil have, to date, been off the table. Europe would need to retain the ability to make electronic transactions for needed energy purchases from Russia. Furthermore, Russia may be unable to make payments owed to other international financial institutions and countries. Lastly, removal from SWIFT could push Russia closer to China, which has its own electronic messaging platform for financial transactions. This latter risk could come with longer-term implications for the US dollar’s position as the world’s reserve currency.
Humanitarian crisis in Europe
Europe’s tenuous recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic faces another setback in the form of a massive humanitarian crisis. Nearby countries, including Poland, Slovakia, Hungary and Moldova are already receiving an influx of nearly half a million Ukrainian refugees, putting an immediate strain on economies and resources. Over the longer term, refugee policies have been destabilising for European unity. These neighbouring countries may also be hurt by their proximity to a militarised and unstable neighbour.
A few takeaways
It is too early to understand all the political, economic and investment implications of Russia’s invasion into Ukraine and the resulting sanctions. Furthermore, a Russian takeover of Ukraine would not necessarily be a fait accompli. Ukraine’s demonstrated resistance could make annexation difficult, while crippling economic sanctions would impair Russia’s ability to successfully maintain control over Ukraine.
As the situation continues to unfold, and global markets attempt to formulate some rational base case around potential outcomes and risks, we see several key takeaways:
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The Russia-Ukraine crisis has not only heightened geopolitical risk but signifies a major shift in the world order to one that is more multipolar. The end results are likely more frequent and more unpredictable flare-ups and higher market volatility.
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Higher market volatility could introduce more opportunities to generate alpha for global investment managers.
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We believe this greater volatility necessitates expertise in global macroeconomic research and active management; bottom-up research alone will be insufficient in navigating the increased complexity and interdependencies across global markets.
We will continue to monitor the crisis with the hope for a quick and peaceful resolution.
Brandywine Global, part of the Franklin Templeton Group.
